Simulation-Optimization for Conjunctive Water Resources Management and Optimal Crop Planning in Kushabhadra-Bhargavi River Delta of Eastern India

Water resources sustainability is a worldwide concern because of climate variability, growing population, and excessive groundwater exploitation in order to meet freshwater demand. Addressing these conflicting challenges sometimes can be aided by using both simulation and mathematical optimization tools. This study combines a groundwater-flow simulation model and two optimization models to develop optimal reconnaissance-level water management strategies. For a given set of hydrologic and management constraints, both of the optimization models are applied to part of the Mahanadi River basin groundwater system, which is an important source of water supply in Odisha State, India. The first optimization model employs a calibrated groundwater simulation model (MODFLOW-2005, the U.S. Geological Survey modular ground-water model) within the Simulation-Optimization MOdeling System (SOMOS) module number 1 (SOMO1) to estimate maximum permissible groundwater extraction, subject to suitable constraints that protect the aquifer from seawater intrusion. The second optimization model uses linear programming optimization to: (a) optimize conjunctive allocation of surface water and groundwater and (b) to determine a cropping pattern that maximizes net annual returns from crop yields, without causing seawater intrusion. Together, the optimization models consider the weather seasons, and the suitability and variability of existing cultivable land, crops, and the hydrogeologic system better than the models that do not employ the distributed maximum groundwater pumping rates that will not induce seawater intrusion. The optimization outcomes suggest that minimizing agricultural rice cultivation (especially during the non-monsoon season) and increasing crop diversification would improve farmers’ livelihoods and aid sustainable use of water resources

A single queue with mutually replacing m servers

Customers arriving in a Poisson stream are served one by one exponentially by the m servers 81, 82, ... .S,«. A server who has just completed a service either continues the next service or is replaced by another server. The replacement of server at each service completion is governed by a probabilistic criterion of availability of servers. Transient solutions in terms of Laplace transforms of the probability generating functions are obtained and among some special cases the earlier known results of Madan (1990) for the case of 2 servers are deduced. The steady state solutions and the mean queue lengths have been explicitly for some particular cases

On a vacation queue with two parallel severs each equipped with a stand-by

The paper studies an M/M/2 queueing system in which each server is equipped with a stand-by. The stand-by are employed only during the vacation períods of main severs. The vacation periods of the two severs are aasumed to be independent with an identical exponential distribution. The time dependent results giving probability generating functions for the number in the system under various states have been obtained and in a particular case a known result has been derived at. The corresponding steady state results are also derived

PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF SOLAR WATER HEATER INTEGRATED WITH SODIUM ACETATE TRIHYDRATE AS PHASE CHANGE MATERIAL

The Solar Water Heater (SWH) has an important place among solar heating collectors due to the fact that construction of the water heater requires less material than others. The Solar water heater may be used for space heating and drying. The main objectives of this paper are to increase the efficiency of flat plate collector solar water heater. The efficiency of Solar Water Heater is increased with decreasing, the thermal losses. To overcome the high thermal losses due to conduction, convection and radiation in the flat plate collector, PCM materials are used. To improve the efficiency of the flat plate collector, it is integrated with the Sodium Acetate Trihydrate as PCM. To enhance the heating rate of the solar water heater, the PCM is integrated and stored directly in flat plate collector. The performance of the flat plate collector is measured with and without using PCM. The Experimental result were taken for the area of 0.42 m2. The efficiency of the flat plate collector is increased up to 5 to 7% while compared to with and without using PCM

Forecasting minimum temperature during winter and maximum temperature during summer at Delhi

A knowledge of minimum temperature during winter and maximum temperature during summer is a very useful for individuals, as well as for organisations whose workers and machines have to operate in the open, e.g. the armed forces, railways, roadways, tourism, etc. Accurate forecasts of minimum temperature during winter help in the prediction of cold-wave conditions and those of maximum temperature during summer help in the prediction of heat-wave conditions over northern India. Models for forecasting the minimum temperature during December and the maximum temperature during May at Delhi have been developed using surface and upper-air meteorological data from 1984-89. The results of testing the models on independent data from recent years (1994-95) are presented. The results are encouraging and more than 80% of the forecasts are correct within ±2°C. Possible reasons for large deviations are also investigated

Forecasting of thunderstorms in the pre-monsoon season at Delhi

Accurate prediction of thunderstorms during the pre-monsoon season (April-June) in India is essential for human activities such as construction, aviation and agriculture. Two objective forecasting methods are developed using data from May and June for 1985-89. The developed methods are tested with independent data sets of the recent years, namely May and June for the years 1994 and 1995. The first method is based on a graphical technique. Fifteen different types of stability index are used in combinations of different pairs. It is found that Showalter index versus Totals total index and Jefferson's modified index versus George index can cluster cases of occurrence of thunderstorms mixed with a few cases of non-occurrence along a zone. The zones are demarcated and further sub-zones are created for clarity. The probability of occurrence/non-occurrence of thunderstorms in each sub-zone is then calculated. The second approach uses a multiple regression method to predict the occurrence/nonoccurrence of thunderstorms. A total of 274 potential predictors are subjected to stepwise screening and nine significant predictors are selected to formulate a multiple regression equation that gives the forecast in probabilistic terms. Out of the two methods tested, it is found that the multiple regression method gives consistently better results with developmental as well as independent data sets; it is a potential method for operational use

Dynamics of Ordering of Heisenberg Spins with Torque --- Nonconserved Case. I

We study the dynamics of ordering of a nonconserved Heisenberg magnet. The dynamics consists of two parts --- an irreversible dissipation into a heat bath and a reversible precession induced by a torque due to the local molecular field. For quenches to zero temperature, we provide convincing arguments, both numerically (Langevin simulation) and analytically (approximate closure scheme due to Mazenko), that the torque is irrelevant at late times. We subject the Mazenko closure scheme to systematic numerical tests. Such an analysis, carried out for the first time on a vector order parameter, shows that the closure scheme performs respectably well. For quenches to $T_c$, we show, to ${\cal O}(\epsilon^2)$, that the torque is irrelevant at the Wilson-Fisher fixed point.Comment: 13 pages, REVTEX, and 19 .eps figures, compressed, Submitted to Phys. Rev.

Event-by-Event Search for Charged Neutral Fluctuations in Pb - Pb Collisions at 158-A-GeV

Results from the analysis of data obtained from the WA98 experiment at the CERN SPS have been presented. Some events have been filtered which show photon excess in limited $\eta-\phi$ zones within the overlap region of the charged particle and photon multiplicity detectors.Comment: 6 pages, 4 figure

The DNA-binding domain of Drosophila melanogaster c-Myb undergoes a multistate denaturation

The DNA-binding domain of Drosophila c-Myb protein has been studied using different spectroscopic probes, namely CD, fluorescence, acrylamide quenching and NMR, to determione the structure of some of its sub-domains and their relative stabilities in aqueous solutions. While CD and fluorescence spectroscopy showed that the protein had completely lost its tertiary and secondary structures in approximately 3 M urea, solvent accessibility of the tryptophan residues was still partial, as determined by acrylamide quenching. This suggested the presence of significant amounts of residual structure which persisted until the urea concentration was raised to approximately 6.0 M. Thermal-denaturation experiments also indicated the presence of an intermediate in the unfolding pathway. The experimental data could be fitted assuming a minimum of three states in both modes of denaturation. The thermodynamic parameters for the apparent three-state transition have been determined. From the protein stability curve, we have determined that Drosophila melanogaster Myb R123 has maximal stability at 16°C and pH 7.0

Understanding the evolution of catalytically active multi-metal sites in a bifunctional high-entropy alloy electrocatalyst for zinc–air battery application

Zinc–air batteries are known for high theoretical energy density and environmental friendliness. The successful commercial utilization of rechargeable zinc–air batteries is limited by unstable electrochemical interfaces and sluggish kinetics with poor round-trip efficiency. In this study, we report a nanocrystalline high entropy alloy (HEA) comprising Cu–Co–Mn–Ni–Fe (CCMNF) prepared by casting-cum-cryomilling method. This multi-component HEA embodies multiple catalytically active sites with diverse functionalities, thus enhancing the electrochemical redox reactions, e.g., oxygen reduction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER). The bifunctional electrocatalytic performance of this HEA is comparable to that of standard catalysts, RuO2 and Pt/C, as evidenced by low overpotential requirements towards OER and ORR. The HEA was tested for use in the air electrode catalyst in the zinc–air battery, where it performed stable oxygen electrocatalysis that was durable over 1045 charging–discharging cycles for ∼90 hours of continuous operation. The microstructural analysis of HEA at different time scales (0, 24, 87 h) during the zinc–air battery operation suggested a dynamic participation of multiple metal active sites on the catalyst surface. Detailed studies revealed that despite leaching in harsh alkaline operation conditions, the synergistic electronic interactions between the component metal sites sustained good electrocatalytic performance and promoted oxygen electrocatalysis through the modification of electronic and chemical properties